Warm-Up: Heading Prediction
Read each paragraph below and predict which heading matches it best. Write your prediction, then discuss your reasoning with a partner before the answers are revealed. There are more headings than paragraphs, so some will be left over — just like in the real test.
The paragraphs — Urbanisation
Paragraph A. Urbanization has accelerated dramatically in the last century, with over half the world's population now living in cities. This rapid growth brings economic opportunities but also strains resources like housing and transportation.
Your prediction:
Paragraph B. For instance, cities such as Tokyo and New York have invested heavily in public transport systems to manage population density. These investments have reduced traffic congestion and improved air quality in many areas.
Your prediction:
Paragraph C. However, not all urban developments are positive. In some developing countries, unplanned expansion leads to slums, poor sanitation, and increased pollution, highlighting the need for better planning.
Your prediction:
Paragraph D. As a consequence, governments are implementing smart city technologies, including IoT sensors and data analytics, to optimize resource use and enhance living standards.
Your prediction:
Paragraph E. In summary, while urbanization presents challenges, strategic policies can turn it into a driver of sustainable progress.
Your prediction:
- i — Benefits of Public Transport
- ii — The Rise of Urban Living
- iii — Future Solutions for Cities
- iv — Negative Impacts in Developing Nations
- v — Historical Trends in Population Growth
- vi — Examples of Successful Urban Management
- vii — Overall Outlook on Urbanization
- viii — Economic Advantages Only
- ii — The Rise of Urban Living (topic sentence about acceleration of urbanisation)
- vi — Examples of Successful Urban Management (Tokyo, NYC examples)
- iv — Negative Impacts in Developing Nations
- iii — Future Solutions for Cities (smart-city tech)
- vii — Overall Outlook on Urbanization (the "In summary" tells you it's a conclusion/outlook)
The trap: v ("Historical Trends") sounds like A but A is about recent acceleration, not historical patterns. viii ("Economic Advantages Only") is wrong for A because A mentions strains too.